تلفن‌های همراه مغز ما را تغییر داده‌اند؟

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تلفن‌های همراه مغز ما را تغییر داده‌اند؟


عصر ایران عصر ایران

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ببینید| فرود هواپیمای رایان ایر بدون چرخ جلو ببینید| مسافرکشی با خودروی پر از زنبور در چین

تلفن‌های همراه مغز ما را تغییر داده‌اند؟

اولین تماس با تلفن همراه ۵۰ سال پیش صورت گرفت و از آن زمان این دستگاه‌ها به ابزار چندگانه ضروری تبدیل شده‌اند که به ما کمک می‌کنند زندگی خود را مدیریت کنیم. اما آیا آن‌ها نحوه عملکرد مغز ما را نیز تغییر می‌دهند؟

امروزه ما مانند بسیاری از افراد دیگر زمان زیادی را صرف کار با تلفن همراه خود می‌کنیم. ممکن است برخی‌مان از این واقعیت آگاه باشیم و حتی دراین‌باره احساس گناه کنیم. آماندا روجری، خبرنگار بی‌بی‌سی یکی از این افراد است. او می‌گوید: «گاهی‌اوقات تلفن همراه خود را در گوشه‌ی دوری از خانه می‌گذارم یا آن را خاموش می‌کنم تا کمتر از آن استفاده کنم. اما خیلی زود برای انجام کاری که فقط با استفاده از آن می‌توانم انجام دهم یا برای انجام کاری که به کمک تلفن بهتر انجام می‌شود، سراغ تلفنم می‌روم.»

ما برای پرداخت صورت‌حساب، قرار گذاشتن با دوست، پیام‌دادن به خانواده که در شهری دور زندگی می‌کنند، بررسی وضعیت آب‌وهوا، یادداشت کردن ایده، گرفتن عکس یا ویدئو، ساخت آلبوم عکس، گوش دادن به پادکست، پیدا کردن مسیرهای رانندگی، انجام محاسبه‌ای سریع و حتی برای روشن کردن چراغ از تلفن همراه خود استفاده می‌کنیم.

گزارش اخیری نشان داد بزرگسالان در ایالات متحده به‌طور متوسط در طول روز ۳۴۴ بار (هر چهار دقیقه یک‌بار) گوشی‌های تلفن خود را چک می‌کنند و تقریبا ۳ ساعت در روز با دستگاه خود سرگرم هستند.

مشکل بسیاری از ما این است که انجام کار سریع مرتبط با تلفن مثلا چک کردن ایمیل، موجب می‌شود ناگهان در پیمایش بی‌انتهای صفحات غرق شویم. این یک دور باطل است. هرچه تلفن‌های ما مفیدتر شوند، بیشتر از آن‌ها استفاده می‌کنیم. هرچه بیشتر از آن‌ها استفاده کنیم، مسیرهای عصبی بیشتری در مغز خود ایجاد می‌کنیم که منجر به برداشتن تلفن‌هایمان برای انجام هر کاری می‌شود و حتی زمانی که مجبور نیستیم، احساس می‌کنیم باید سراغ گوشی‌های خود برویم.

نگرانی درمورد جنبه‌های خاصی از جهان بسیار به هم پیوسته ما (مانند رسانه‌های اجتماعی و فیلترهای زیبایی افراطی آن) به کنار، تکیه ما به این دستگاه‌ها با مغزمان چه کاری انجام می‌دهد؟ آیا وابستگی ما به تلفن همراه به‌طورکلی بد است یا جنبه‌های مثبتی هم دارد؟

همان‌طور که ممکن است انتظار داشته باشید، با توجه به این موضوع که وابستگی جامعه به تلفن‌های همراه هر سال افزایش پیدا می‌کند، پژوهش‌ها به‌راحتی توانایی پیشروی با این روند را ندارند. آنچه می‌دانیم، این است که حواس‌پرتی ساده‌ی چک‌کردن تلفن یا مشاهده‌ی یک اعلان می‌تواند پیامدهای منفی داشته باشد.

این امر چندان تعجب‌آور نیست. می‌دانیم که به‌طورکلی توجه همزمان به چندین وظیفه، حافظه و عملکرد را مختل می‌کند. یکی از خطرناک‌ترین موارد استفاده از تلفن حین رانندگی است. مطالعه‌ای نشان داد فقط صحبت کردن با تلفن و نه ارسال پیامک، برای کاهش واکنش راننده در جاده کافی است. این امر برای کارهای روزمره که خطر کمتری دارند، نیز صادق است. شنیدن صدای اعلان کافی بود تا شرکت‌کنندگان مطالعه‌ی دیگری در انجام وظیفه خود بدتر عمل کنند و ضعف عملکرد آن‌ها تقریبا به اندازه ضعف عملکرد شرکت‌کنندگانی بود که حین انجام وظیفه با تلفن صحبت می‌کردند یا پیامک ارسال می‌کردند.

فقط استفاده از تلفن نیست که پیامدهایی دارد. حتی حضور آن نیز می‌تواند بر نحوه فکر ما تاثیر بگذارد. برای مثال، پژوهشگران در مطالعه‌ای از شرکت‌کنندگان خواستند تلفن‌های خود را نزدیک و درمعرض دید (مثلا روی میز)، نزدیک و دور از دید (مانند داخل کیف یا جیب) یا در اتاق دیگری قرار دهند. شرکت‌کنندگان سپس مجموعه‌ای از وظایف را انجام دادند که توانایی پردازش و به خاطر سپردن اطلاعات، حل مساله و تمرکز آن‌ها را آزمایش می‌کرد.

وقتی تلفن‌های داوطلبان به‌جای اینکه نزدیکشان باشد (روشن یا خاموش)، در اتاق دیگری بود، عملکرد بسیار بهتری داشتند. حتی زمانی که بیشتر شرکت‌کنندگان ادعا می‌کردند آگاهانه به تلفن‌های خود فکر نمی‌کنند، همین نتیجه مشاهده شد.

به‌نظر می‌رسد صرفا نزدیک بودن به تلفن نیز موجب مشغولیت مغز می‌شود. مغز ما ممکن است به‌طور ناخودآگاه به سختی کار کند تا تمایلمان را برای چک کردن تلفنمان مهار کند، یا به‌طور مداوم محیط را زیر نظر بگیرد تا ببیند که آیا باید تلفن خودمان را بررسی کنیم (مثلا انتظار کشیدن برای دریافت یک پیامک). در هر صورت، این انحراف توجه می‌تواند انجام هر کار دیگری را دشوارتر کند. در مطالعه‌ای که انجام شد، تنها راه‌حل این بود که تلفن همراه فرد به‌طور کامل در اتاق دیگری قرار داده شود.

این بخشی از خبرهای بد بود. اما پژوهشگران اخیرا دریافته‌اند که وابستگی ما به تلفن همراه می‌تواند جنبه‌های مثبتی هم داشته باشد.

برای مثال، این باور رایج وجود دارد که تکیه به تلفن‌های همراه توانایی به خاطر سپردن ما را ضعیف می‌کند، درحالی‌که ممکن است این‌طور نباشد.

در مطالعه‌ای به داوطلبان صفحه‌ نمایشی با دایره‌های شماره‌دار نشان داده شد و آن‌ها باید دایره‌ها را به سمت خاصی می‌کشیدند. هرچه عدد روی دایره بیشتر بود، شرکت‌کننده برای انتقال آن به سمت درست، امتیاز بیشتری دریافت می‌کرد. در نیمی از آزمون‌ها، شرکت‌کنندگان اجازه داشتند یادداشت کنند که کدام دایره‌ها باید به کدام سمت بروند. برای بقیه‌ی آزمون‌ها آن‌ها باید فقط به حافظه خود تکیه می‌کردند.

مطابق انتظار، دسترسی به یادآورهای دیجیتال به عملکرد آن‌ها کمک کرد. موضوع تعجب‌آورتر این بود که وقتی آن‌ها از این یادآورها استفاده کردند، نه‌تنها دایره‌های باارزش بالا را که یادداشت کرده بودند، بهتر به یاد می‌آوردند، بلکه دایره‌های باارزش پایین را که یادداشت نکرده بودند، نیز بهتر به خاطر می‌آوردند. بنا به باور پژوهشگران، با ثبت مهم‌ترین اطلاعات، حافظه شرکت‌کنندگان برای ذخیره اطلاعات کم‌ارزش آزاد می‌شد.

اما جنبه منفی این رویکرد چه بود؟ وقتی شرکت‌کنندگان دیگر به یادآورها دسترسی نداشتند، خاطراتی که درمورد دایره‌های کم‌ارزش ایجاد کرده بودند، همچنان وجود داشت، اما نمی‌توانستند موارد با ارزش بالاتر را به خاطر بیاورند.

قبل اینکه به‌طور دقیق متوجه شویم وابستگی ما به تلفن همراه ما چه تاثیری بر قدرت اراده و شناخت ما در درازمدت دارد، به پژوهش‌های بسیار بیشتری نیاز است. اگرچه در همین حین، راه دیگری وجود دارد که می‌توانیم برای کاهش اثرات منفی آن تلاش کنیم و این راه به نحوه تفکر ما درمورد مغزمان مربوط می‌شود.

همان طور دیوید رابسون در کتابی به نام «اثر انتظارات» اشاره می‌کند، پژوهش‌های اخیر این باور را به چالش کشیده است که اگر قدرت اراده خود را در یک جهت اعمال کنیم (مثلا ناخودآگاه دربرابر چک کردن تلفن خود مقاومت کنیم)، نیروی ذهنی خود را تهی می‌کنیم و تمرکز روی وظیفه‌ی دیگر برایمان سخت‌تر می‌شود. به‌گفته‌ی رابسون، این امر می‌تواند درست باشد، اما تا حد زیادی به باورهای ما بستگی دارد. افرادی که فکر می‌کنند مغز ما منابع محدودی دارد (مانند اینکه مقاومت دربرابر یک وسوسه، مقاومت دربرابر وسوسه بعدی را سخت‌تر می‌کند)، درواقع احتمال بیشتری وجود دارد که این پدیده را در آزمایش نشان دهند.

اما برای کسانی که فکر می‌کنند هرچه بیشتر دربرابر وسوسه مقاومت کنیم، توانایی مقاومت دربرابر وسوسه در ما بیشتر تقویت می‌شود، یعنی کسانی که باور دارند مغز ما منابع نامحدودی دارد، اعمال خویشتن‌داری یا خستگی ذهنی روی یک وظیفه، روی عملکرد آن‌ها در وظیفه بعدی تاثیر منفی ندارد.

جالب‌تر اینکه، داشتن دید محدود یا نامحدود از مغز ممکن است تاحد زیادی فرهنگی باشد. کشورهای غربی مانند ایالات متحده ممکن است نسبت‌به فرهنگ‌های دیگری مانند هند بیشتر محدود بودن ذهن را باور داشته باشند.

من برای اینکه به صورت ناهشیارانه کمتر تلفن همراه خود را چک کنم، همچنان تمرین می‌کنم آن را در اتاق دیگری قرار دهم. اما همچنین به خودم یادآوری می‌کنم که مغز من نسبت‌به چیزی که فکر می‌کنم، توانایی بیشتری دارد و هر زمان که دربرابر وسوسه چک‌کردن تلفن مقاومت می‌کنم، مسیرهای عصبی جدیدی را ایجاد می‌کنم که مقاومت دربرابر آن وسوسه را برایم آسان‌تر می‌کند.

منبع: زومیت

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